Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology.

1. Coronary Artery Calcification and Epidemiology of Coronary Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1764 1.1. Calcium Detection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1765 1.1.1. EBCT Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1765 1.1.2. MDCT Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1766 1.2. Coronary Artery Calcified Plaque . . . . . . . . . .1766 1.3. Speed/Temporal Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1767 1.4. Studies Comparing EBCT and MDCT for Calcium Scoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1767 1.5. Reproducibility and Validity of Calcium Scoring . .1767 1.6. Radiation Dose for Cardiac CT . . . . . . . . . . . . .1768 1.6.1. Radiation Exposure During CT Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1769 2. Clinical Utility of CACP Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . .1771 2.1. CT Coronary Calcium and Symptomatic Patients . .1771 2.2. CT Coronary Calcification and Clinical Outcomes in Asymptomatic Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1772 2.3. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1774 2.4. Recommendations of Professional Societies . . .1775 2.5. Utilizing Coronary Calcium Measure to Improve Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1776 2.6. Limitations of the Use of Coronary Calcium for Detecting Obstructive Disease in Asymptomatic Persons . . . .1777 3. Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1777 3.1. Tracking Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.1777 3.2. Hybrid Nuclear/CT Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1779 3.3. Contrast-Enhanced CT of the Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1779 3.3.1. Electron Beam CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1779 3.3.2. Multidetector CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1780 3.4. CT Angiography Applications in a Clinical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1782 3.4.1. Suspected CAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1782 3.4.2. Follow-Up of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1782 3.4.3. Follow-Up After Bypass Surgery . . . . . .1782 3.4.4. Anomalous Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . .1782 3.5. Assessment of NCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1782